Dual Language Program : Also known as two-way or developmental, the goal of these bilingual programs is for students to develop language proficiency in two languages by receiving instruction in English and another language in a classroom that is usually comprised of half native English speakers and half native speakers of the other language.
ELL : English language learner. A national-origin-minority student who is limited-English-proficient. This term is often preferred over limited-English-proficient LEP as it highlights accomplishments rather than deficits. English as a Second Language ESL : A program of techniques, methodology and special curriculum designed to teach ELL students English language skills, which may include listening, speaking, reading, writing, study skills, content vocabulary, and cultural orientation.
ESL instruction is usually in English with little use of native language. Equal Education Opportunities Act of : This civil rights statute prohibits states from denying equal educational opportunity to an individual on account of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin. The statute specifically prohibits states from denying equal educational opportunity by the failure of an educational agency to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs.
Informed Parental Consent : The permission of a parent to enroll their child in an ELL program, or the refusal to allow their child to enroll in such a program, after the parent is provided effective notice of the educational options and the district's educational recommendation. Language Dominance : Refers to the measurement of the degree of bilingualism, which implies a comparison of the proficiencies in two or more languages.
Language Proficiency : Refers to the degree to which the student exhibits control over the use of language, including the measurement of expressive and receptive language skills in the areas of phonology, syntax, vocabulary, and semantics and including the areas of pragmatics or language use within various domains or social circumstances. Proficiency in a language is judged independently and does not imply a lack of proficiency in another language.
Lau v. In , the Supreme Court ruled that identical education does not constitute equal education under the Civil Rights Act of The court ruled that the district must take affirmative steps to overcome educational barriers faced by the non-English speaking Chinese students in the district. The instruction builds upon the student's primary language skills and develops and expands the English language skills of each student to enable him or her to achieve proficiency in both languages, while providing access to the content areas.
The May 25 Memorandum : To clarify a school district's responsibilities with respect to national-origin-minority children, the U. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, on May 25, , issued a policy statement stating, in part, that "where inability to speak and understand the English language excludes national-origin-minority group children from effective participation in the educational program offered by a school district, the district must take affirmative steps to rectify the language deficiency in order to open the instructional program to the students.
Newcomer Program : Newcomer pro-grams are separate, relatively self-contained educational interventions designed to meet the academic and transitional needs of newly arrived immigrants. Typically, students attend these programs before they enter more traditional interventions e.
In the sheltered classroom, teachers use physical activities, visual aids, and the environment to teach vocabulary for concept development in mathematics, science, social studies, and other subjects. Structured English Immersion Program : The goal of this program is acquisition of English language skills so that the ELL student can succeed in an English-only mainstream classroom. All instruction in an immersion strategy program is in English.
Submersion Program : A submersion program places ELL students in a regular English-only program with little or no support services on the theory that they will pick up English naturally. This program should not be confused with a structured English immersion program.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of : Title VI prohibits discrimination on the grounds of race, color, or national origin by recipients of federal financial assistance. American families are also adopting children from other countries who have no previous experience in English.
Some LEP students have a strong educational background while others had had little or no prior formal educational experiences. A student's previous experiences with education significantly affect the ease and rapidity with which the student learns English and other academic material.
Students might go through a "silent period" where they listen but do not speak in the classroom as it might cause personal embarrassment. During this time, they are acquiring the sounds and patterns of their new language, but are not willing to share their voices in a classroom setting. They may be willing to try out the new language in a non-threatening situation with a peer. The researchers estimate that the path to fluency for students with limited formal schooling may require ten years or more University of California Riverside Study by CERC, The standard teacher comment is, "The student speaks very well and can read orally better than many of my other students.
Can the student comprehend all that occurs during instruction, e. If the student cannot, then the needed English language skills for the content area CALP have not been mastered. Many LEP students also experience culture shock, especially when there is a marked difference between their native way of life and that of life in the United States.
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