All references to party affiliation include those who lean toward that party: Republicans include those who identify as Republicans and independents who say they lean toward the Republican Party, and Democrats include those who identify as Democrats and independents who say they lean toward the Democratic Party.
In times of uncertainty, good decisions demand good data. Please support our research with a financial contribution. It organizes the public into nine distinct groups, based on an analysis of their attitudes and values. Even in a polarized era, the survey reveals deep divisions in both partisan coalitions.
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Research Topics. Then we break down the same data on a state-by-state basis. However, these race and ethnicity projections are expected to change over the coming years.
Both proportions remain unchanged in these projections. Interestingly, the proportion of those from multiple racial and ethnic backgrounds will more than double, from 2. Over time, the U. Census has been vastly expanded to reflect the true diversity that the country holds. In fact, it was only from onwards that people could select their own race—and only from can those who chose White or Black provide further information on their roots.
It also has one of the most diverse racial breakdowns in the nation overall, including the highest proportion of mixed race individuals.
Charting the U. This information can be used to better understand existing income and wealth gaps , track public health outcomes, and to aid in policy decision-making at higher levels.
We become not a melting pot but a beautiful mosaic. Different people, different beliefs, different yearnings, different hopes, different dreams. Census Bureau categories. This fascinating map highlights the second most commonly spoken primary language in almost nearly every country. The answer reveals a lot about history and location. Whether through immigration, colonization, or local culture, a primary language can either spread around the world or remain rooted in place.
This map from MoveHub shows the second most commonly spoken primary language in most countries, using data from the CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia as of February A primary language—also known as a first or native language—is the language we use most frequently to communicate.
These are languages we are usually born with, have a lot of exposure to, and use at home. On the other hand, a secondary language is one we learn or pick up after our primary language. In many countries, English is the most commonly learned, with close to 1 billion speakers. Immigration is transforming the U. Asian and Hispanic populations. The U. Asian population was predominately Japanese, Filipino, and Chinese just two decades ago. Minorities have also become more diverse socioeconomically.
The number of minorities in the highest income brackets has more than doubled since , for example, yet minorities still account for a disproportionate share of the poor. More minority politicians are being elected to public office, but minorities are more likely than non-Hispanic whites to serve time in prison. More minorities are earning graduate and professional degrees, yet a disproportionately large percentage never finish high school.
Many businesses target their products to specific minorities because they recognize that minorities are an expanding market.
Aspects of black, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian culture—including art, food, music, and styles of dress—are being adopted throughout American society. Americans are divided in their beliefs about the long-term effects of the growing diversity. Discussions on this topic sometimes become heated because the increase in the minority populations is closely linked to important policy issues relating to immigration, affirmative action, welfare, and education reform.
Few Americans have a good grasp of how large the different minority groups are. Participants in debates on immigration in the early twenty-first century have called for increasing enforcement of existing laws governing illegal immigration to the United States, building a barrier along some or all of the 2,mile 3, km U.
Affirmative action refers refers to policies that take factors such as race, gender, sexual orientation, and religion into consideration. In the United States, affirmative action refers to equal opportunity employment measures that Federal contractors and subcontractors such as public universities and government agencies are legally required to adopt. Examples of affirmative action offered by the United States Department of Labor include outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and management development, and employee support programs.
The impetus towards affirmative action is to redress the disadvantages associated with overt historical discrimination. Further impetus is a desire to ensure that public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve. Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, an implementation ruled unconstitutional by the U.
Supreme Court in , though the Court also upheld affirmative action as a practice in a court case held simultaneously that year. Affirmative action in the United States began as a tool to address the persisting inequalities for African Americans in the s. This specific term was first used to describe US government policy in Directed to all government contracting agencies, President John F. Four years later, President Lyndon B.
Johnson outlined the basic social science view that supports such policies:. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower class European Americans and Asian Americans.
This argument supports the idea of solely class-based affirmative action. This would eliminate the need for race-based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle and upper class people of color. Other opponents of affirmative action call it reverse discrimination, saying affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate.
According to these opponents, this contradiction makes affirmative action counter-productive. Other opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure.
Other opponents say that affirmative action lowers the bar, and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of real achievement. Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged even if they are not.
It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within minority groups at the expense of the disenfranchised within majority groups such as lower-class whites. Some opponents believe, among other things, that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of people who belong to a group it is supposed to help, therefore making affirmative action counter-productive. In the US, a prominent form of affirmative action centers on access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education.
Individuals can also be awarded scholarships and have fees paid on the basis of criteria listed above. In , the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that public universities and other government institutions could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment. John F. Kennedy : John F. Multiculturalism is an ideology that promotes the institutionalization of communities containing multiple cultures.
It is generally applied to the demographic make-up of a specific place, usually at the organizational level, e. In a political context the term is used for a wide variety of meanings, ranging from the advocacy of equal respect for the various cultures in a society, to a policy of promoting the maintenance of cultural diversity, to policies in which people of various ethnic and religious groups are addressed by the authorities as defined by the group they belong to.
In the United States, multiculturalism is not clearly established in policy at the federal level. Instead, it has been addressed primarily through the school system with the rise of ethnic studies programs in higher education and attempts to make the grade school curricula more inclusive of the history and contributions of non-white peoples.
In the United States, continuous mass immigration has been a feature of economy and society since the first half of the 19 th century. This metaphor also suggests that each individual immigrant, and each group of immigrants, assimilated into American society at their own pace.
The Melting Pot tradition co-exists with a belief in national unity, dating from the American founding fathers:. As a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part of the pragmatism movement at the end of the nineteenth century in Europe and the United States, then as political and cultural pluralism at the turn of the twentieth. It was partly in response to a new wave of European imperialism in sub-Saharan Africa and the massive immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans to the United States and Latin America.
Du Bois, and Alain Locke developed concepts of cultural pluralism, from which emerged what we understand today as multiculturalism.
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